Chapter 8 CELL — STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS for
class 8
The basic structural and functional unit of an organism
The basic structural and functional unit of an organism
is called cell. Cells are like bricks that are assembled to make a building.
Similarly, cells are assembled to make the body of every organism. This is why
cell are called the basic structural and functional unit of an organism.
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Robert Hooke in 1665 observed slices of cork (a part of
the bark of a tree) under a simple magnifying device. He Robert Hooke observed
under a microscope there are many partitioned boxes
or compartments like a honeycomb. Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ for each box.
A hen’s egg can be seen easily. Is it a cell or a group
of cells?
It is a single cell. A white blood cell (WBC) in human blood
is another example of a single cell.
How do scientists observe and study the
living cells?
Scientists used microscopes which magnify
objects. Stains (dyes) are used to colour parts of the cell to study the detailed
structure.
Kinds of organism: Organisms which are made
up of a single cell are called unicellular
where as Organisms made up of more than one cell is called multicellular.
Cell Theory : Cell Theory was
elaborated by a German botanist Schleiden and Zoologist Schwann
The Cell Theory states that:
1) All organisms are made up of one or more
cells and the products of those cells.
2) All cells carry out life activities (
require energy, grow, have a limited size).
3) New cells arise only from other living
cells by the process of cell division.
Tissue:
The group of cells that are similar in structure and functions is called tissue. like nervous tissue in animal and Vascular tissue in plant.
The group of cells that are similar in structure and functions is called tissue. like nervous tissue in animal and Vascular tissue in plant.
Cells have different shape of Cells according to function
they perform in body:
Generally, cells are round, spherical or elongated (red
blood) . Some cells are long and pointed at both ends. They exhibit spindle shape
(muscle cells) . Cells sometimes are quite long. Some are branched like the
nerve cell or a neuron. Guard cell in leaves are kidney shaped. White blood
cells change their shape and move like amoeba.
Which part of the cell gives it shape?
Cell membrane provides shape to the cells
of plants and animals. Cell wall is an additional covering over the cell
membrane in plant cells. It gives shape and rigidity to cells.
The size of cells in living organisms may
vary . The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5 micrometre in bacteria. The largest cell
measuring 170 mm ×130 mm, is the egg of an ostrich. Nerve cell is the longest
cell and blood cells are the smallest cell in our body
Cell
Structure
Protoplasm:
The entire content of a living cell is known as protoplasm. It includes the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Protoplasm is called the living substance of the cell.
The entire content of a living cell is known as protoplasm. It includes the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Protoplasm is called the living substance of the cell.
Plasma membrane:
The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane together called the plasma membrane.
The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane together called the plasma membrane.
Cell membrane:
The outer boundary of the cell is the cell membrane. It is composed of proteins and carbohydrates.
The outer boundary of the cell is the cell membrane. It is composed of proteins and carbohydrates.
Functions of Cell membrane:
The cell membrane gives shape to the cell. The cell membrane separates cells from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium. The cell membrane is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials both inward and outward. This is why it is called selectively permeable membrane.
The cell membrane gives shape to the cell. The cell membrane separates cells from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium. The cell membrane is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials both inward and outward. This is why it is called selectively permeable membrane.
Cell wall:
There is also another thick additional covering of animal cell called the cell wall. This is because plant cell need protection against variations in temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture, etc.
There is also another thick additional covering of animal cell called the cell wall. This is because plant cell need protection against variations in temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture, etc.
Cytoplasm:
The jelly-like substance(composed of 90% water) present between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called cytoplasm. Various other components which help in function of cell called organelles are present within the cytoplasm.
The jelly-like substance(composed of 90% water) present between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called cytoplasm. Various other components which help in function of cell called organelles are present within the cytoplasm.
Nucleus:
There is a dense round spherical body in the centre of a cell is called the nucleus. It was discovered by Robert brown in 1831.
There is a dense round spherical body in the centre of a cell is called the nucleus. It was discovered by Robert brown in 1831.
The nuclear
envelop is perforated by nuclear pores which allows the
movement of certain materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nucleus is
covered with a covering called nuclear membrane.
This membrane is porous and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus. Nucleus is called control centre of the cell as it control all activity within the cell.
This membrane is porous and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus. Nucleus is called control centre of the cell as it control all activity within the cell.
Functions of Nucleus:
1. Nucleus controls all the metabolic
activities of the cell.
2. It controls the inheritance of
characters from parents to off springs.
3. It controls cell division.
Nucleoplasm :
The dense fluid like substance present inside the nucleus i is called Nucleoplasm.
The dense fluid like substance present inside the nucleus i is called Nucleoplasm.
Nucleolus : There is a dense round spherical body in the centre of Nucleus is called the nucleolus which contains RNA.
Chromosomes are
called hereditary vehicle
This is because
they contain gene which have information for the development of child
characteristics and transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
The cells having
nuclear material without nuclear membrane are termed prokaryotic cells. The
organisms with these kinds of cells are called prokaryotes. Examples are
bacteria and blue green algae. Cell having well organized nucleus with a
nuclear membrane are called eukaryotic cells onion cells and cheek cells. All organisms
other than bacteria and blue green algae are called eukaryotes.
Differences between Prokaryotic cell and
Eukaryotic cell
Sl.No.
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic
Cell
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1.
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It
is generally smaller (1-10 microns) in size
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It
is comparatively larger (5-100 microns) in size.
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2
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It
lacks a well organized nucleus as its nuclear material is not surrounded by a
nuclear membrane.
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It
contains a well organized nucleus as its nuclear material is surrounded by a
nuclear membrane.
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3
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It has a single chromosome
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It
has more than one chromosome.
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4.
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Nucleolus
is absent
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Nucleolus
is present
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5.
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It
lacks membrane bound cell organelles
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It
possesses membrane bound cell organelles
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6.
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Cell
division occurs by fission or budding. Mitotic and meiotic divisions are
absent
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Cell
division takes place by mitosis and meiosis.
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7.
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Ribosomes
are smaller
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Ribosomes
are larger
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Cell organelles are as
follows:
Vacuoles are
fluid– filled sacs bound by a single membrane called tonoplast.
Generally large vacuoles are common
in plant cells but much smaller in animal cells. Vacuoles help in storing soluble food and waste.
Functions of
Vacuoles are
1. Vacuoles store
and concentrate mineral salts as well as nutrients.
2. They maintain
proper osmotic pressure in the cell for its turgidity.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) : ER is a
complex network of membranes that divides the cytoplasm into channels which
help on transportation of substance with in cell.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) are of two types:
Channels with a
smooth surface are called smooth endoplasmic reticulum. They secrete lipids
Channels with
spherical bodies (ribosome) attached are known as rough endoplasmic reticulum.
It involved in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are
small particles which are found individually in the cytoplasm and also line the
membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They are made of RNA (ribonucleic
acid) and protein and are manufactured in the nucleus. Ribosomes help in production of protein.
Golgi bodies:
Golgi bodies are
stacks of flattened membranous stacks .The Golgi body temporarily stores
protein and responsible for the concentration, storage and secretion of
substance with in cell.
Functions of
Golgi apparatus
1. Golgi
apparatus is involved in the formation of Lysosomes.
2. It is also
responsible for the synthesis of cell wall and cell membrane.
The mitochondria
The mitochondria are round "tube-like" organelles which produce energy from the food during respiration. This is why it is called powerhouse of cell.
The mitochondria are round "tube-like" organelles which produce energy from the food during respiration. This is why it is called powerhouse of cell.
Structure of the
mitochondria:
The mitochondria
contain proteins and lipids.
Each mitochondrion is bound
by two membranes – an outer continuous membrane and an inner membrane thrown
into folds called cristae. These cristae divide the inner chamber incompletely.
The inner chamber is filled with homogenous dense material called the matrix.
Plastids and its
type:
Plastids are disc
or oval shaped organelles which occur only in plant cells.
Plastids are of
three types.
They are Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts.
They are Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts.
1. Leucoplasts:
These are colourless plastids which store food in the form of starch, lipids
and proteins
2. Chromoplasts:
These are yellow or reddish in colour due to the presence of pigments other
than chlorophyll. Chromoplasts provide colour to many flowers and fruits.
3. Chloroplasts:
These are green coloured plastids which possess the photosynthetic pigment
chlorophyll which is present in leaves
Lysosomes
These are small
membrane bound vesicles which contain powerful digestive enzymes and help in
auto digestion of cell. Digestive enzymes are produced
by the joint activity of Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes are
called ‘suicide bags’.
If the membrane
of Lysosomes gets ruptured, the digestive enzymes of Lysosomes would digest the
entire cellular structure causing death of the cell. So Lysosomes are called
‘suicide bags’.
Centrosome:
Centrosome is present in animal cells and in certain lower plants. It is absent in prokaryotic cells and in higher plant cells. It is located in the cytoplasm, just outside the nucleus. It contains a pair of small, hollow granules called Centrioles.
Centrosome is present in animal cells and in certain lower plants. It is absent in prokaryotic cells and in higher plant cells. It is located in the cytoplasm, just outside the nucleus. It contains a pair of small, hollow granules called Centrioles.
Functions of
Centrosome: Centrioles
play an important role in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.
The structure of
typical plants cell The structure of
typical animal cell
A
study of the diagrams of Plant cell and Animal cell shows the following
differences
A study of the diagrams of Plant cell and Animal cell
shows the following differences
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Sl. No.
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Plant cell
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Animal cell
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1.
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Plant
cell has an outer rigid cell wall which is made up of cellulose.
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Animal
cell lacks a cell wall.
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2.
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Plant
cell is larger than animal cell
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Animal
cell is comparatively smaller in size.
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3.
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Plant
cell has large vacuoles which occupy more space in the cell.
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Animal
cell usually lacks vacuoles. Even if they are present, they occur in minute
sizes.
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4.
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Centrosome
is present only in the cells of some lower plants
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All the
animal cells have centrosomes.
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5.
|
.
Lysosomes are found only in the eukaryotic plant cells.
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Lysosomes
are found in all animal cells.
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6.
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Plant
cell contains plastids
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Plastids
are absent
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7.
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Mostly,
starch is the storage material.
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Glycogen
is the storage material.
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